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Q.1) What does AIDS mean?

Ans: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS is an infection caused by HIV (Human Deficiency Virus), which spreads by contact with bodily fluids. 
  
Given below are the conditions that are according to the 1987 CDC/WHO* case definition for AIDS
  
  • Disseminated clinical cytomegalovirus infection (not liver,   spleen or lymph node).
  • Chronic (more than1 month) mucocutaneous disseminated   herpes simplex infection.
  • Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (papova (JC)    virus).
  • Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis with CD4 count less than   200/mm3.
  • Disseminated mycobacterium avium intracellulare or         mycobacterium kansasii infection.
  • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
  • Candidosis of oesophagus, bronchi or pulmonary.
  • Chronic (more than1 month) cryptosporidiosis.
  • Toxoplasmosis of brain.
  • Isosporiasis.
  • Disseminated histoplasmosis or coccidioidomycosis .  
  • Cryptococcosis.
  • Extra-intestinal strongyloidiasis.

Secondary Neoplasms

  • Kaposi's sarcoma 
  • Primary lymphoma of brain 
  • Non-Hodgkin's (immunoblastic) lymphoma

Other
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (mainly children)
 

The known routes of transmission are
  • Through unprotected sexual intercourse: Anal / Oral / Vaginal
  • Through Blood or blood products: Blood transfusion / Infected needles.
  • Organ, tissue donation.
  • Perinatal transmission( from mother to baby): In-utero (inside uterus) / during delivery/ via breast feeding.

Stages of AIDS:

  • Seroconversion Stage- usually asymptomatic

  • Stage of persistent generalised lymphadenopathy

  • AIDS related complex

  • Full blown AIDS

 
Q.2)What are the symptoms of AIDS?
Ans: General symptoms 
  • Fatigue 
  • Fever
  • Malaise (uneasiness)
  • Weight loss
  • Diarrhoea.
  • Symptoms specific to the opportunistic infection.
 
Q.3) What are the related signs?
Ans: General signs
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Wasting
  • Oral candida
  • Oral hairy leukoplakia
  • Perianal herpes
  • Splenomegaly
  • Signs specific to the opportunistic infection.
 
Q.4)What investigations are done?
Ans: General tests conducted are
  • ELISA
  • Western Blot
  • CD4 count
  • CBC with differential
  • Stool studies
  • Sputum studies
 
Q.5) What are the treatment measures?
Ans: Generally followed treatment measures are
1) Usage of Anti-retroviral drugs.

2) Prophylactic( steps taken to avoid occurrence of the disease) treatment of opportunistic infections.

3) Definitive treatment of opportunistic infections.

4) Terminal Care :
  • Good support from the partner, family and friends. 
  • Symptomatic relief of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and diarrhoea 
  • Effective pain control
  
Q.6) How can AIDS be prevented?
Ans: Preventive measures included are
  • Serological testing of donor for HIV before blood transfusion,organ transplant.
  • Avoidance of multiple sexual partners
  • Education and practice of safe-sex.
  • Use of disposable needles and syringes.
 
Q.7) What is the follow-up of AIDS?
Ans: The follow-up of AIDS includes
  • Regular clinical examinations
  • Regular assessment of CD4 counts.
  • Checking for development of resistance to any of the drugs.
 
Q.8) Important things one should know about AIDS?
Ans: Here are some of the DISSEMINATED DISEASES that can occur in AIDS 
Infections
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
  • Bacterial septicemia (eg. Pneumococcal, salmonella)
  • M. tuberculosis (In INDIA very common)
  • M. avium intracellular infection
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Histoplasmosis

More........

Secondary neoplasms
  • Kaposi's sarcoma
  • Non-hodgkin's lymphoma

More........

Organ Specific HIV diseases
  • Skin Disease
  • Oral Disease
  • Gastrointestinal Disease
  • Respiratory Disease
  • Neurological Disease
  • Renal Disease 
  • Cardiac Disease 
  • Hematological Complications 
  • Psychiatric Problems 

More........

 

 

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